Measuring the chemical and cytotoxic variability of commercially available kava (Piper methysticum G. The findings of this study suggest that kava lactones may be useful for the development of bioactive herbicides and fungicides. The biological activities of kava lactones were characterized by different double-bond linkage patterns in positions 5,6 and 7,8. Growth of lettuce and barnyardgrass were significantly inhibited at 1-10 ppm, and four plant fungi including Colletotrichum gloeosporides, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, and Trichoderma viride were significantly inhibited at 10-50 ppm. These six major lactones in kava roots showed great herbicidal and antifungal activities. Quantities of desmethoxyyagonin, kavain, 7,8-dihydrokavain, yagonin, methysticin, and dihydromethysticin detected were 4.3, 6.9, 18.6, 5.7, 1.4, and 5.4 mg/g of dry weight, respectively. Nine kava lactones were detected using GC-MS including desmethoxyyagonin, kavain, 7,8-dihydrokavain, hydroxykavain, yagonin, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroxyyagonin, methysticin, dihydromethysticin, and 11-hydroxy-12-methoxydihydrokavain. Aqueous extract of kava roots showed high allelopathic potential and strongly suppressed germination and growth of lettuce, radish, barnyardgrass, and monochoria. This is the first report showing that kava lactones are plant and plant fungus growth inhibitors. Xuan, T D Elzaawely, A A Fukuta, M Tawata, S Herbicidal and Fungicidal Activities of Lactones in Kava (Piper methysticum). I hope that this study would emphasize the need at a national level to educate people on the harmful effects of kava and the need for the health ministry to view very heavy kava intake as contributing to morbidity in Fiji. Since kava use is very much part of our everyday culture and existence, convincing people to change their behavior and kava consumption is a major tasks. The questionnaire also asked how much kava was consumed and the reasons. The present study aims to assess the prevalence of side effects of kava usage among a community sample of kava drinkers in Fiji and to compare the result with some of the side effects provided by other studies. In Urban schools, 64% males and 46.2% had tried kava. Wives of kava users felt deprived of basic family needs due to the amount of money spent on kava. We also interviewed employers of these kava drinkers and the market vendors in Nadi Town since they were closely involved with kava drinkers. We interviewed these housewives during kava drinking sessions since they were usually not taking part in the kava drinking. To evaluate the side effects of kava consumption, we interviewed housewives of male kava drinkers regarding specific effects of kava.
Because males usually consume kava in Fiji, we approached specific groups of people and asked them to participate in the survey. A convenient sample of 300 kava drinkers in Nadi, Lautoka, Ba and Sigatoka were studied to see whether local people in Fiji experienced side effects of kava use. In Fiji, kava is also known as yaqona or grog. Pharmacogenomics may influence the severity of this inflammatory response. Inflammation appears to be involved in both forms and may result from activation of liver macrophages (Kupffer cells, either directly or via kava metabolites. Hepatotoxicity can occur as an acute, severe form or a chronic, mild form. Kava extracts are generally well tolerated, but reports of hepatotoxicity necessitated an international reappraisal of its safety. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)įull Text Available Kava is traditionally consumed by South Pacific islanders as a drink and became popular in Western society as a supplement for anxiety and insomnia.
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